Grading System Essay Example for Free

Grading System EssayThis carcass is a complex composition that involves philosophical, pedagogical, and pragmatic issues for all educatees. We all have our own ideas of how grades should be assigned, and what they should tell us about the students performance. This grading system rests on the assumption that the level of student performance will not vary much from class to class.In this system the instructor usually determines the percentage of students assigned each grade, although it may be determined (or at least influenced) by departmental policy. All information supplied to the National Statistics mapping is treated as strictly confidential. This information is used entirely in the compilation of statistical reports. no.information on individual returns can be given to any external public or hole-and-corner(a) entity.The National Statistics Office (NSO) is the major statistical agency responsible in collecting, compiling, classifying, producing, publishing, and disse minating general-purpose statistics in the Philippines. It coverings of areas from leyte specially tacloban,capoocan , abuyog ,etc. The main objective of this authorship is to propose an strong and friendly used grading system in DATAMEX. It shows the final grades of a student and the computation of the grade both midterm and finals.This proposal helps the student to be aware to their grade if he/she is failed or pass the specific subject The National Statistics Office (NSO) was first called the Bureau of the Census and Statistics (BCS) under Commonwealth Act. No. 591 approved on August 19, 1940. The BCS was created to consolidate statistical activities of the government under the executive direction of the professorship of the Philippines. Transferred to the BCS were the powers, functions and duties of the Statistics Division of the Department of Agriculture and Commerce polished Registry Division of the National Library and Statistics Division of the Bureau of Customs.Also tra nsferred to the BCS were the personnel, equipment, unexpended appropriations, records, documents, supplies and other property upon or prior to the completion of the census interpreted in accordance with the provision of C. A. 170, the act creating the Commission of Census. On January 1, 1941, the BCS was transferred (under Executive Order No. 392) to the then Department of Trade. Presidential Decree No 418 issued on March 20, 1974 reconstituted the BCS into a new agency known as the National Census and Statistics Office (NCSO) under the administrative supervision of the National Economic and developing Authority (NEDA).In 1987, by virtue of Executive Order No. 121 entitled Reorganizing and Strengthening the Philippine Statistical System and for Other Purposes, the NCSO was renamed National Statistics Office (NSO) under the administrative supervision of the Office of the President. Executive Order No. 149 dated December 28, 1993 was issued by the Office of the President entitled Str eamlining of the Office of the President. By virtue of this order, the NSO was placed again under the administrative supervision of the NEDA for effective policy and program coordination and integration.Executive Order No. 5, approved on October 23, 1999 is the most recent development. It mandated the Strengthening of the National Statistics Office. The order strengthens NSO through decentralization of statistics generation activities, transformation of Central Office Units into more developmental supply and evaluation units, and increased application of information technology in its operations to efficiently and effectively perform its mandated functions.1. Is there any significance between the manual of arms grading systems to the computerized grading system? 2. Is Manual grading system gives more accurate, efficiency and easy to use than the computerized grading system? 3. Is manual grading system makes the task easier and less consuming of time than the computerized grading sys tem? Hypotheses 1. The computerized grading system is more significance than the manual as follows a.No using of paper and pencil. b. Rush hour submission of grades. c. A slow process of retrieving and releasing of records. 2. All the results from the gathered by teacher from the students grades has capable to enter efficiency and has a friendly used. The study limited itself to the workers employed in both unionized and non-unionized establishments employing 20 more workers that operate in the National Statistic Office.The main justification for this option was to make a comparison of the unionization tendencies of workers coming from two types of economies one urban and the other rural one which has a high union denseness as against another with a relatively low union density one which is principally an industrial economy and another which is basically agricultural. In this sense, respondents from the metro Manila stood for those workers coming from the urbanized, industrializ ed, and highly unionized parts of the Philippines, while Ilocos Sur respondents represented workers coming from the rural, agricultural and low union density regions.It was also a intend to explain the non-union phenomenon in light of the socio-cultural differences of the respondents, one set of workers being composed of mixed ethnic groups, and the other predominantly Ilocanos. It was also a means to test whether rural workers, or in the case of this study, Ilocanos, are less interested in unionism and union-joining as they are observed to be gently unionized.Moreover, the study focused on an examination of the factors influencing the propensity to unionize from the standpoint of the worker (meaning, an individual level analysis) and hence, excluded the study of management preferences or union preferences. unmatched other limitation of the study was its coverage that made it prone to sampling biases.The limitation of the sample to employees working in companies employing 20 or m ore workers go forth out workers from smaller companies that are potentially organizable other cultural groups (Visayans, Muslims, Cordillerans, Bicolanos, etc. were left out in view of the fact that the scope of the study include only rRegion 8 and the focus of the study on the individual level missed some explanations of the determinants of union-joining behavior that might come from other factors, such as those coming from managers and employers with their perceived anti-union ideologies, the apathy of trade unions and labor federations toward organizing the unorganized workers, in addition to some other explanations that may come from other possible sources, the like government industrial or labor relations legislation.It focuses on how the proposed system will be able to contribute a lot for the students in ground of showing their grades. And to develop an electronic and advanced system that will allow the students of DATAMEX to show their grades and how computing it.

Benjamin Cardozo Leaders program Essay Example for Free

Benjamin Cardozo Leaders program EssayThe final spot in the University of Buffalos graduating class of 2011 should be offered to me because I embody the values of hard work, dedication, determination, and self-discipline that atomic number 18 essential in succeeding as a college student and later as a professional in my field. I have always had plans for a successful future in younger days I had thoughts of pursuing the medical field, like my sister, but have since decided that being successful means following my own interests and dreams. I have been interest with how things work for as long as I can remember automotive design holds a special attraction for me. During my junior year of high up school I came to the realization that adulthood and the real world are fast approaching, and got serious about outlining my plans for the future. Now, as a graduating senior, I am on the verge of proving to everyone else what I have always known I am going to make something BIG out of myself. After careful and diligent mental testing of my personal interests and values, I have decided that my optimum career choice is to be a self employed mechanical engineer.In this profession I will be able to exploit my warmth for how things work, while designing my own creations and being self employed will allow me to reach my all-inclusive potential, limited only by my dream, drive, and education. Knowing that the quality of my education is essential to achieving my lifetime aspiration will continue to provide me with a hunger for the encyclopedism of the knowledge and experience of my professors and future student colleagues.I plan to embellish my studies of mechanical engineering with a second concentration in business management, to culminate in an M. B. A. which I believe will help me acquire the knowledge necessary to run a profitable and successful business. It is my true dream to do for the world of mechanical engineering what Bill Gates did for computing and wh at Sam Walton did for discount retail to become an industrial giant through knowledge, drive, and a passion for doing what I love.The University of Buffalo needs me on campus because of my experience in leadership, through the Benjamin Cardozo Leaders program, my strong work ethic as evidenced by my current employment, and my passion for mechanical engineering. I pledge to use this spot to the best of my ability to simultaneously increase my academic knowledge and to uphold the verifying public image that the University of Buffalo portrays.My background in athletics, as well as my high school and employment experience have all change magnitude my people skills, and I plan to hone them even further in collaborating with fellow students and being involved in mentoring programs that import to teenagers how important goals, drive, and education are in the accomplishment of great things. I believe strongly that this college will help me accomplish great things, and it is my intent to accomplish great things while I am there.

Health Impact Assessment for Policy-Making

health Impact Assessment for Policy-Making1. IntroductionIndeed, a lot of changes happened specially on how the spate deal on health rejoinders. In the past, medical concerns argon non the main concern of the society. However, in the 21st century, due to some(prenominal) factor ins that affect the health of individuals, diseases, such as diabetes and hypertension are the major problems of the population. Because of these, responsibility for health plays a major role in national and world(prenominal) health cautiousness indemnity. The government implemented some strategies to address the health concerns of the society. For instance, the governing bodies increased the health like budget because of the mushrooming health problems. However, some people argue that legal profession is better than cure and they contest that the government must spend more of their monetary budget on activities that promote health and pr type illness.Effective snag healthcare plays an important originate in preventing disease and bankrupts the people the best chance for a healthier life (Australian National Preventive health Agency,2013). It too athletic supporters to improve the perfor existencece of our state-supported health service. Thus, greater attention should be paid to strategies of promoting health.Health promotion goes beyond health care. It puts health on the order of business of policy piddlers in all sectors and at all levels, directing them to be aware of the health consequences of their decisions and to accept their responsibilities for health. The responsibility for ensuring the right to health for all lies not only with states and their obligations to their own people, but in addition with the international community.The case study depicts the responsibility for health in different aspects and it appraises the contemporary issues in healthcare and their seismic disturbance on national and international healthcare policy. In addition, it also em phasizes the justifications for policy intervention solutions on contemporary issues in the international context.This report may second the individuals and the society on how to face healthcare issues. It will be a great success for the nation if healthcare issues will be addressed.2. Evaluate the impress the contemporary issue discussed in your case study would have on national and international healthcare policy.As discussed in the case study, the major arising of health problem comes from frail lifestyle of individuals such as smoking, sedentary lifestyle and poor ingest habits. How derriere the society decrease or authorize these problems? The governing bodies implemented some strategies in order to combat the health concerns of the society. They plan to improve some policies, both in national and international context. For instance, they give emphasis on strategies of health promotion because the costs for preventive programs are much cheaper than activities that help t reating the actual health problems.States hold the primary responsibility to ancestry and ensure all the essential goods and services under the right to health (World Health Organization, 2014). This may include investing enough resources on health promotion. Health promotion strategies include mass campaigns and people awareness programmes. These activities more a great deal than not nates be seen in the school or community where the educators air the significance of saveing good health. Through health promotion, the people may realize the importance of having a healthy lifestyle and achieve the optimum health and well-being. As a result, the public can be more active by exercising regularly and playing some sports. Furthermore, they can practice good eating habits and stop smoking to prevent illness.Truly, responsibility for health should be a collaborative effort among individuals and the societies in which they live. As an effect, both can acquire from 1 another. One good example is the government assistance for the public on how to avoid diseases. Both of them can benefit if the people abide the rules by the righteousness makers. If practiced by the populace, the government can save the resources that were not used for medical treatment for instance. The extra funds then can be say to other projects which can give additional benefits to the people in general.The effects of medical concerns should be carefully considered by the people, especially the policy makers, so they can amend some policies to effectively improve the health status of the public.In the case study, the health problems would have a great impact on international and national healthcare policy. Existing poor health condition may serve as an eye-opener to the community. Because of the untoward effects of wheezy way of hold such as , they take precautions and some steps to practice a healthy lifestyle in order to alleviate them.National and international healthcare policy can be upgraded using the ideas that can be harnessed to this case study. They may execute effective strategies to promote health and prevent from getting sick. For example, unhealthy habits such as cigarette smoking, excessive use of alcohol and other harmful substances should be embossmentricted or banned in the community by implementing strict laws. Although there are existing policy to address these problems, the policy maker may improvise the law. Punishments and fines may be given to individuals who violate the law. For instance, individuals who are caught smoking in non-smoking area will be jailed for a day and they are required to attend a community service for 1 week.On the whole, national and global health governance is essential because states will not accept national and international norms without genuine partnerships, equit satisfactory burden overlap and efficient programmes that improve health outcomes. Yet, political, legal and economic challenges impede effective govern ance. Countries face serious problems of fragmentation, duplication, and even confusion, among the deluge of global health actors and initiatives. Health ministries often lack basic knowledge of, and control over, foreign-supported programmes. The public involve a system of governance that fosters effective collaborative effort and coordinates initiatives to create synergies and avoid deleterious competition.3. Discuss and critically analyse the rationale or justifications for putting into place each of the below listed types of policy intervention solutions globally to address the contemporary health issue highlighted in your chosen case study3.1. knowledge and trainingAs defined by many resources, education is an essential human virtue. globe becomes man through education. He is what education makes him. It has been rightly said that without education, a person is a splendid slave, reasoning savage. Education is necessary for society. Education fashions and models man for soci ety. Man cannot be conceived merely in terms of his biological existence. Education brings into focus the cordial aspect of man. Education signifies mans supreme position in society. Education is an essential basis of good life. A man becomes a human being in the real sense when he is transformed from primarily an carnal being into a human being. In short, education is an essential concomitant of all human societies. Through education, the people can acquire knowledge and firmness about everything in life. The people can solve problems successfully because they can apply the knowledge they have discovered in order to solve their concerns. Meanwhile, training, is the process by which someone is taught the skills that are needed for an art, profession, or job. Training is beneficial for the new supply particularly because it makes them proficient and more competent in their area of work. developing competence has become a crucial issue for establishing a smart workforce that can achieve a competitive success. A major factor or function of Human Resource Management that differentiates it from personnel management is training and development. Training can be defined as a mean process by which people acquire the capabilities and competencies to aid in the overall achievement of the organisations goals and objectives. Training can be seen from the very entrance into the organisation, for example, orientation where the employee is taught the organisations culture. It continues into the probation period, where employees gain sufficient skills for the position held and can also be seen throughout the duration of employment. Thus, training act as a remedy to change within an organisation. there is a strong link between training and l brightening, both foster a permanent change in behaviour according to the behaviourist attack and thereby lead the movement toward a learning organisation..Both education and training are essential in order to address the contempor ary issue stressed in the case study. By educating the public, the people can become aware of what is happening around them. Furthermore, they can improve their way of living because of the apprehension and knowledge they have as part of the learning process. Through education, they can help promote health and prevent diseases. Stressing out the importance of preventing illness, for instance, can help the individuals achieve a tincture of life. By making them aware of the cons of unhealthy habits, they can avoid being sick. For example, the person who is aware that eating foods high in cholesterol can make the person at risk for stroke or any cardiovascular diseases may stop taking such unhealthy foods. Training, on the other hand, is helpful to an individual in carrying out successfully a task. One example is by providing training to healthcare workers. Resources should be provided to maintain a high quality of training. Training can be hard if it is poorly funded because they us ually require aids in order to demonstrate procedures. some other good example is in a healthcare community center, where a program can be conducted once a month. Before the healthcare workers do their task, they are trained on how to deal the people with different personalities and how to deal the community as a whole. They give health teachings such as obesity. As mentioned in the case study, obesity is one the leading cause of forming other debilitating diseases, such as diabetes, cardiac diseases, and hypertension and thus, obesity should be avoided. By imparting information, like proper diet and exercise, this health problem can be prevented.3.2.Tax benefits and payments to caregiversTax benefit rule is a judicially created doctrine seeking to repair some of the inflexibility inherent in the annual accounting system. According to this rule, if any loss or expense deducted in the previous twelvemonth is recovered by the tax payer, the recovery must be included in the current y ears gross income to the extent that it was previously deducted. The tax benefit rule ensures that if a taxpayer takes a deduction attributable to a specific event, and the amount is recovered in a subsequent year, income tax consequences of the later event depend in some degree on the prior related tax treatment.Tax benefits are indeed a great help to individuals who needs healthcare assistance. Nowadays, with the rising cost of medical supplies and procedures, tax benefits that will reduce the cost of health care expenses for example, is a great help especially to those people who are in dire need of financial assistance. From the tax, the government can successfully implement and carry out projects that can contribute to individuals welfare. They may effectively plan and perform heath preventive programs because of the individuals tax contribution and collaboration of the people.Meanwhile, payments to caregivers are important. Since the healthcare workers are the crusade liners in providing care for the people who need assistance, they should be given sufficient incomes. Giving them a salary which help them survive from day to day living and help them save for their future use help them provide a quality care for people who needs their help. Instead of working double shifts to earn more money for their needs, they may only work a single shift. Their extra time can be allotted for their family and for themselves to rest. Because of this, they can be alleviate from stress and enjoy their day offs. This can yield a good result because a well-rested individual can give and provide a quality care for their patients.3.3. Respite careAs defined by the Ministry of Health (2014), respite service should provide a safe, enjoyable environment with staff able to support the disabled person to participate in their community.Respite care is generally short-term and intermittent, available in community settings and in rest homes, and part of the support network available to a person and their carers.This is very important since individuals who provide care experience stress. This may be in the form of emotional, financial or physical burden. With stress, an individual who provides care can cause negligence or abuse to the patient. To avoid this, they should also have a break or a day off. During their break or day off, somebody would temporarily relieve them of their duty. This is a great help to the care givers, since they can reduce or eliminate the stress that builds inside them. And with this, as they return to duty fully recharged, they can provide and maintain a quality care for their patients.3.4. Business regulations combining work and care givingEach year, there are increasing number of people who needs assistance and care to maintain their well-being. Because of this plight, the demand for care givers is also escalating. Thus, a lot of health care centers are being made, either public or private, to accommodate the increasing number of i ndividuals who need assistance. Nowadays, rest homes are common in some countries and there should be regulations that must be maintained in order to provide a quality care and assistance for the patients. A good example is, providing the right number of staff to the number patients available in the care homes. There should be enough staff to attend the needs of the patients in order to render a good quality care, like assisting a disabled person to transfer to a chair. prodigious patients need two or more staff to accomplish the task such as showering them and doing cares in order to avoid injuries to patients and also to caregivers. For health and social care staff to work together, they must be able to share information about a persons assessments, treatment and care.One of the nearly important legal right one have as a caregiver is about his employment. The unpredictable nature of caregiving, and the time that it takes to provide care, often make it difficult to continue worki ng on a normal schedule. In fact, the Department of Labors latest investigation found that employee complaints with respect to match career and family often occur because an employer refuses to reinstate an employee after an extended leave. Generally, these complaints can be resolved fairly easily, although to date, 16 legal actions have been taken against employers for violations of the Family and medical examination Leave Act (FMLA).All in all, in order to attend the needs of the patient, business regulations should be fair and just to the employees and consumers.4. ConclusionThis paper makes the lead that a key activity required to promote healthy policy-making at the local level is health impact assessment. Highly participatory local health impact assessment can be used to identify negative health impacts that call for policy responses, and to identify and encourage practices and policies that promote health. socially responsible decision-making for improved equity-in-health is stimulated by community-level health impact assessment because it is a practical tool to help communities come to grips with local conditions that need ever-changing if better health for all is to be realized. Even with the advancement of knowledge on medicines, society still faces the burden on health related issues. Health issues should be attended immediately due to the fact that not only the individual who suffers the sting of the disease but there love ones are also affected. Health prevention strategies should be promoted and initiated in every community. Aside from the fact that it is more cost-effective than curing the actual diseases, it can also benefit the public by practicing healthy lifestyle. Health promotion is indeed significant in order to achieve the optimum of health and well-being. Health issues can affect everyone, it can cause physical, emotional and financial burden. It is a miserable situation in which everyone involved to the individual especially the fa mily members is being pulled in. Health issues then affects the economy of a nation. And if not properly attended, it may cripple the nations wealth. In addition, through collaborative effort of the individual and society, the health issues can be lessen or avoided through effective implementation of health promotion strategies, community projects and programmes by the government, community and the individuals.

Soft Systems Methodology

Soft Systems MethodologySoft systems methodological analysisThe development of soft systems methodology was the inspiration of Peter Checkland and was developed in the 1960s at Lancaster. Ever since then the technique has grown and now is internationally recognised. To understand soft system methodology we need to understand 2 types of systems thinking. One is hard systems thinking while the other is soft system thinking.Hard systems thinking parts the hard system approaches such(prenominal) as incorporated methods, and systems engineering. It assumes that that fuss is well defined, it has a scientific approach to difficultys, and considers technical factors foremost.Soft systems thinking uses soft system approaches. This approach is needed when structured methods alike have failed, when problems be messy and not well defined. This technique is more creative in terms of problem solving as it addresses umpteen factors including humans, cultural, ethics, politics etc. It would b e safe to say that soft systems methodology looks at the inter action between pack and its business environment instead of except technology. By looking at the system as a whole it recognises that a change from one divideitioning of the systems whitethorn influence another part of a system.It is called soft because its about people and the way they relate to the environment. The systems are the way we use the theory and put it into practices with people, relationship, objects, and processes. This is described present in position 1(Mackness, 2007).2 Patching (1993) declared that the methodology is merely a method with a set of guidelines that help predict an outcome to problem situations which is described here (Patching, 1993 p. 41) 1.martinwellsinterview. 2007. Dr John Mackness Soft Systems Methodology online. Accessed 19 November 2007. Available from World Wide Web 2 Patching, D. (1993) Practical soft systems analysis. London Pitman PublishingChecklands computer software system methodology comprises of a seven stage model. It is very similar to other methods of investigation.Sounce http//portals.wi.wur.nl/files/images/msp/soft%20systems%20methodology.gif level 1. This stage shows messy problems, which are not fitted for hard system methods.Stage 2. Is concerned with rich pictures to express situations more clearly, which in turn provides better feedback. It is the problem expressed in the real world. may included client and yourself in the picture, physical layout, hierarchy etc.Stage 3. Root definitions are needed but first a viewpoint must be selected. Are we looking at it form the employees position or the managers position etc? Root definitions describes what a systems is, and what it will do by doing so, it takes into account whoever is part of the system. It looks at who is part of it and who may be affected in any way. Using the mnemonic CATWOE, this is basically a simple checklist for thinking about problems.Customers Who are they, and h ow does the issue affect them?Actors Who is involved in the situation? Who will be involved in implementing tooth roots? And what will impact their success?Transformation Process What processes or systems are affected by the issue?Weltanschauung What is the big picture, world view ? And what are the wider impacts of the issue?Owner Who owns the process or situation you are investigating? And what role will they play in the solution?Environmental Constraints What are the constraints and limitations that will impact the solution and its success?Source http//www.lifehack.org/articles/management/whats-the-problem-find-out-using-catwoe.htmlStage 4. Is the conceptual model, which represents the minimum set of procedures for the system to be able to achieve the desired transformation. Procedure and task are described by verbs.Stage 5. Is a comparison of the conceptual model and the real world. Stage 2 and stage 4. Questioning the situation and how they could be changed.Stage 6. This stag e discusses where improvements can be make to certain areas and whether it is culturally feasible taking into account stakeholders views, backgrounds, experience of the people involved. Desirable changes are also discussed for the systems that may benefit the transformation.Stage 7. Is to take action and implement the changes that would improve the system. This would involve changes in attitude, finance, equipment, staff, training etc. It is advisable to note stage 3, the root definitions to not overlook things.After implanting the changes it is important to measuring rod the systems cognitive operation. In SSM we use the 3 Es which Checkland, Scholes (2001) describes efficacy (for does the means work?)effienecy (for amount of output divided by amount of resources used)effectiveness (for is T run across the longer term aim?) 3.(Checkland, Scholes, p.39).3.Checkland, P. and Scholes, J. (2001) Soft systems methodology in action. Chichester WileyAccompanied with the 3 Es would be a model to determine what stage separately of the 3 Es are at.This is the complete conceptual model when applying soft systems methodology, which consist ofRich PictureRoot DefitionsCatwoeModel of transformationMeasure of performanceAdvantages to soft systems methodologySoft systems methodology can be used as a tool to increase an analyst understanding of a problem during investigation as well as the later stages. The technique helps identify areas that need to be improved, and areas that have weaknesses where hard approaches have been unable to do so. It helps produces solutions in a sense that it defines the problem well enough for other system approaches to take over such as hard techniques. By trying to use hard techniques would stop the problem from being seen as a whole. Soft systems methodology relies on a holistic view for the problem to be figure out successfully.Another advantage of this methodology is that it doesnt really rely on the use of any equipment except pen and paper. The technique is successful enough to produce solutions to problem just by itself which is supported here 4.(Davies, 1998 p.256). All it needs is a competent analyst. The methodology can be adapted to fit a situation, customer values are considered greatly over other values such as financial and technical values while aiming to find the best solution that would suite all that are involved.Disadvantages to soft systems methodology This disadvantage to soft systems methodology is that the technique does not tell you how to build a system. Problems are relegate to change anytime as there were fuzzy in the first place. With added discussions from key actors more changes to the problem situation may be made. It relies heavily on people for SSM to work. Can be very time consuming and requires money and experts. Non technical issues are taken into account which may make the problems situation more complex. Companies sometime view SSM as inferior to other techniques of improve an organisation and would rather hire 2 different parties. One would be the business consultant for improving effectiveness while the other would be a technical consultant to improve the technological side of the organisation. Instead of hiring a SSM competent analyst that would do both by in twining them together some companies would rather keep them separate. Sometimes a goal may never reached as root definitions may still be unclear which in turn sends the whole process into a loop that may never finish.4.Davies, P.B. (1998) Information systems development. 3rd ed. Hampshire Macmillan Press LTD.Souce images / quoatations x 2Souces1 youtube3 books1 Journalshttp//0-www.sciencedirect.com.lispac.lsbu.ac.uk/science?_ob=MImg_imagekey=B6VB4-3V7C64C-5-1_cdi=5916_user=121704_orig=search_coverDate=10%2F31%2F1998_sk=999819994view=cwchp=dGLbVzb-zSkzkmd5=c0cb2fed4864aeb21d813248fc205aa1ie=/sdarticle.pdfhttp//usability.myforum365.com

Challenges and Techniques of the Oil Industry

Challenges and Techniques of the Oil IndustryThe Oil SandEnergy availability and economic progress go hand in hand. It is not possible to achieve economic progress in the absence of cheap, reliable force availability. The use of energy on the part of society has increased consistently over the past 2 centuries, since the time of the industrial revolution. And there is no end in sight to the increase in the consumption of energy. This will protract because as global population continues to increase and especially in approximately of the emerging countries like China and India, the consumption of energy is bound to increase exponentially.In the past fifty years, global energy consumption has increased monotonously and how is this assume satisfied? This demand is being meet primarily with crude anele. unprocessed fossil rock anele colour color has been the largest energy component since 1960 and grew very rapidly in the 1970s and ever since, has grown less rapidly. Though a nele has been losing ground but nevertheless, it corpse the most important source of energy, second being coal, according to the Energy Information Administration (EIA). Oil is a fossil fuel and the world is about 80 to 85% dependent on fossil fuels for our energy supply. This is a challenge because when fossil fuels be burnt, they emit carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and since CO2 is a greenhouse muff, it contributes to global warmingOil is a mix of hydrocarbons that atomic number 18 liquid under atmospheric conditions. The fact that they atomic number 18 liquid allows for easier bear upon, dit, storage, and has a higher content of energy per volume. These are the greatest advantages that oil has over early(a) energy resources. However, there are scenarios where the oil is not trapped in a cap rocks and forces it way out to the surface, or very close to the surface of the ground, at which point, the lighter molecules evaporate into the atmosphere and what is left are hea vier molecules, which are normally called extra heavy oil or bitumen. This is known as Oil good senses or Tar good sense and it is make up of a mixture of sand, water, clay, and bitumen1. Oil smooth or Tar sand are found in various countries throughout the world, but the vast quantities of oil sand reserves are found in Canada and Venezuela, according to EIA. Alberta, Canada, is estimated to have about 1.7 to 2.5 trillion gun barrels of oil sand reserve, thus, representing the largest single reserve of oil in the world.2 Accordingly, Canada produced about 3.8 million barrel per day of crude oil, in 2014 alone. Of this, 2.2 million barrel per day was produced from the oil sands.3 active 10% of the worlds oil reserves are located in the Alberta oil sands and about 96 percent of Canadas total oil reserves are contained in the oil sands.4 Moreover, Canada is said to be the leading supplier of crude oil and refined oil products to the United States and the trend continues to grow in terms of percentage of US oil imports. About 60 percent of Canadas production capacity from oil sand, about 1.34 million barrels per day is exported to the US.5Energy as found in nature call for to mined, processed, refined and transported before it is available for end use. Unlike oil produced by conventional oil drilling which is generally less dense than water, extracting oil from oil sands is more complex. There are two systems for getting bitumen out of the ground and turning it into usable products in-situ and open pit digging. The stemma method used will depend on how deep the oil sand deposits are below the surface. Both methods are complex, energy-intensive and expensive processes.In-situ (in place)In-situ extraction process is used to mine bitumen that lies deep below the surface of the ground (greater than 75 meters underground). According to studies, about 80% of oil sands reserves in Canada are accessible via in-situ techniques.6 The in-situ method normally uses a process called Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD). This method requires the drilling of two horizontal wells one is used for injecting steam into the oil sand deposit to heat the oil sand making the bitumen to become more legato and easy to flow more easily. The second well is used to pump out the flowing bitumen to the surface.7Open-Pit MiningLike the conventional oil mining Open-pit mining is used when mining oil sand reserves that are closer to the surface of the ground (less than 75 meters below the ground). According to industry report, 20% of oil sand reserves in Canada are extracted using this mining technique.8 With this method, trees and top layer of soil are cleared, large shovels are used to scoop the oil sand, which is mix of sand, water and bitumen into large trucks and accordingly moved it to onsite processing facility, where hot water is added to this mixture of sand, clay, bitumen, in a large separation vessel. Bitumen froth is laboured to rise to the surface, during the separation process and then removed and diluted with chemicals.9 Normally, the spent sand and other materials that are recovered during this process is then returned to the mines to fill in empty space that has been mined as a way of reclamationUpgradingOnce the Bitumen is recovered from either through open-pit or from in-situ operation, the viscous affectionateness is then processed in order to make it easier to transport through pipelines to various refinery, where it is to be used as feedstock. This process is called upgrade. The purpose of upgrading is to transform bitumen into artificial crude oil, a high quality, light sweet crude oil, by removing carbon and adding hydrogen and chemical to bitumen.10 Typically the upgrading process comes in two phases videlicet primary and secondary upgrading. The primary upgrading involves breaking down the heavy molecules of bitumen into lighter and less viscous molecules. The secondary upgrading is used to further cleanse and purify the bitumen reach from primary phase. This phase involves removing other impurities such as nitrogen, Sulphur, and trace metals and get it ready for oil refineries.11RefiningThe bitumen is finally delivered to through pipelines the refinery through pipelines. The SCO product is then sent to a downstream refinery for conversion into final product.12 Here the oil is processed and converted into final products like gasoline, jet fuel, diesel, plastics, asphalt and other consumer and industrial products.Environmental ChallengesThe mining and processing of oil sands present a variety of environmental impacts, such as global warming and greenhouse gas emissions, disturbance of land structure, and air and water quality. It also may have signifi put upt social and economic impactson local communities. Another major concern is link up to the tremendous amount of water required for oil sands development -extraction, upgrading and refining. It is estimated that the process requires a n average of three barrels of water for one barrel of oil produced,13 though some of the water are be recycled. The major environmental challenges to oil sand extraction among others are land, water, airLandDevelopment of oil sand crate concern about the accumulation of large amounts of residual waste known as tailings. Tailing, which contain a mix of water, clay, un-recovered bitumen, and dissolved chemicals, including some organic compounds are considered to be extremely toxic and very hazardous to the environment. Moreover, the tailings are stored in large ponds and causes seepage into the surrounding landscape, though the water released from the ponds can be recycled and reused, however, most still remains as mud almost indefinitely. The massive activities associated with oil sand project are also known to prepare tremendous structural disturbances of the landscape including seismic exploration and construction of wells, roads pipelines etc. negatively impact the environment an d endangers the wildlife.WaterSince oil sand is made up of a mixture of sand, water, clay and bitumen, a hot water process is required to separates the bitumen from the associated sand, water, clay and minerals. The process takes enormous amount of water of dulcet water to produce a barrel of bitumen from mined oil sands. In many cases, the water is sourced from ground water aquifers. Rapid expansion of oil sands projects are causing great strains on fresh water resources, which leads to ecological and environmental problems.14 Also, since bitumen is denser than water, it can be harder to clean up when there is a spill. Additionally, oil sands mining operations produce huge amounts of toxic waste, known as tailings, which consist of water, sand, silt, clay, hydrocarbons and contaminants. The contaminates may contain various levels of naphthenic acids, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, phenolic compounds, ammonium hydroxide and mercury etc., some of which, according to Internationa l Agency for Research on Cancer and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, are known to be cancer-causing agent.15 Even worst, the tailings are mostly stored in ponds or man-made dams, thus causing the tailing to leak into ground water and surrounding water resources. It is estimated that about four zillion liters of tailings leak each year, thereby triggering immense environment devastation.16AirExtracting Oil sands require a substantial amount of energy in processing to process, upgrading and refining bitumen to the final products suitable for market. The entire development process is so energy intensive that it contributes immensely in carbon emissions. Reports suggest that the oil sand industry is among the highest contributors of national air emissions in Canada.Oil is produced to be consumed, more than half of the oil consumed in the world is for transportation fueling societys unquenchable demand for mobility. More than 50 percent of oil produced is used for transportati on needs.17. As the worlds population grows, so will the global passenger mobility, global freight and transportation volumes. Additionally, the current global rise in urbanization, the global economic growth, as well as high level of economic development are other important factors prompting the increase in demand for oil. As fossil fuel, final oil products are burnt for energy through the various applications for which they are used. When burnt, they emit high amounts of harmful emissions, including nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, and particles that drift into the atmosphere and contribute to air pollution. Carbon dioxide and water vapor, along with other gases such as ozone and nitrous oxide, are known greenhouse gases and the increasing amounts of these greenhouse gases in the atmosphere are linked to global warming and could have disastrous environmental consequences.18 However, since the business of producing oil from oil sand is base generally on oil price, chances are that there will be some slowdown in sand oil operations around the world, as oil prices decline. Due to the recent downward trend of oil prices, the economic viability and financial attractiveness of oil sands projects have also declined. Financial analysts including those from Goldman Sachs and Total have concluded that oil sands projects require long-term prices in excess of $80/barrel to break even19. Deutsche Bank and BP, among others, have raised doubts about the future of investing in oil sand and Shell Oil has significantly scaled arse its oil sands plans20. If these phenomena should continue, it might be the preeminent way in reducing and mitigating the environmental degradation being caused by oil sand.1 http//www.canadasoilsands.ca/en/what-are-the-oil-sands/recovering-the-oil2 http//www.nrcan.gc.ca/energy3 lbid4 www.oilsandsmagazine.com/ adept/oilsands-1015 Kenny Bruno, Bruce Baizel, Susan Casey-Lefkowitz, Elizabeth Shope, and Kate Colarulli, Tax Sands Invasion How Dirty and big-ticket(prenominal) Oil from Canada Threatens Americas New Energy Economy (May 2010)6 http//www.suncor.com/about-us/oil-sands7 http//www.canadasoilsands.ca/en/what-are-the-oil-sands/recovering-the-oil8 http//www.nrcan.gc.ca/energy9 http//www.canadasoilsands.ca/en/what-are-the-oil-sands/recovering-the-oil10 http//www.nrcan.gc.ca/energy11 lbid12 http//www.oilsandsmagazine.com/technical/oilsands-10113 http//www.nrcan.gc.ca/energy14 lbid15 Kenny Bruno, Bruce Baizel, Susan Casey-Lefkowitz, Elizabeth Shope, and Kate Colarulli, Tax Sands Invasion How Dirty and Expensive Oil from Canada Threatens Americas New Energy Economy (May 2010)16 lbid17 https//www.iea.org18 Kenny Bruno, Bruce Baizel, Susan Casey-Lefkowitz, Elizabeth Shope, and Kate Colarulli, Tax Sands Invasion How Dirty and Expensive Oil from Canada Threatens Americas New Energy Economy (May 2010)19 lbid20 lbid

Porn and Prose Essay -- Videos Sex Technology Essays

Porn and ProsePornography has the ability to stay current with each proficient breakthrough while pushing the borders of what we deem as acceptable in reading and writing. In, Writing Material Readings from Plato to the Digital Age by Tribble and Trubek, an article by Gopnick notes the death of the word before its technological resurgence. Each new medium was more visually and sensually rich that the last movies gave focus to talking movies, which gave way to color talking movies, which gave way to round-the-clock talking color television. In that context, words just hung around looking glum, with hardly enough energy left wing to compose themselves into sentences(180). Gopnick then discuses the revolution of the Internet and even though its written language can be regarded as a backward move, it is the turn back of the word. Sven Birkerts, as noted in Tribble and Trubek, speaks about the downfall of printed text. This shift from printed word is happening throughout our c ulture, away from the patterns and habits of the printed page and toward a new world distinguished by its reliance on electronic communucatuins(63). Pornography has not been left in the dark regarding this phenomenon, and is blazing its own trail as it goes. Internet porn is breach ground for a sexual liberation of sorts as well as becoming a full-fledged addiction for some and a means for nice expression for others.What is pornography? It is something that lacks concrete definition. It is for the most part subjective in nature. As Supreme Court Justice Stewart said, I cant fasten pornography, but I know it when I see it. A Cosmopolitan magazine cover may be acceptable and exposed in wholeness grocery store, then concealed ... ...would have been unacceptable as an essay topic anyway. Be it obscene, or art, Internet pornography has paved its way into a genre of writing with a cult-like following. Works CitedBirkerts, Sven. Into the Electronic Millennium. Tribble and Tru bek. 63 & 71.Gopnick, Adam. The Return of the Word. Tribble and Trubek. 180 & 181.Kessler, Merle. Porn For the rest of us. 2001. Online. Internet. 27 Mar. 2004.Available http//dir.salon.com/people/feature/2001/12/10/slash/index.html.Noxon, Christopher. When Harry Met Smutty. 2003. Online. Internet. 27 Mar. 2004. Available http//www.metroactive.com/papers/metro/06.26.03/potter-0326.html.Tribble, Evelyn B., and Anne Trubek, eds. Writing Material Readings from Plato to the Digital Age. Addison Wesley Longman, 2003. 338 & 340.

Review of Platos The Allegory of the Cave :: World Literature

In Platos The Allegory of the Cave, Socrates tells an allegory of the hardship of understanding reality. Socrates compargons a prisoner of an underground cave who is exploring a new world he never knew of to people who be trying to find a place of firmness in reality.According to Socrates, most people tend to rely on their senses too much and believe the world as it is appeared to our sight. In order to free our souls from this mental prison, Socrates suggests that we should go through a phase that does not merely prepare ourselves for the real world but also prevent us from heading to the wrong direction to seek the truth - education.In conclusion, Socrates believes those who have reached a higher level of companionship and wisdom should bear a responsibility to lead the community and improve it because they are blessed with better education and are able to enjoy a different reward than the power to control others like most politicians do.Two thousand years after Plato has writt en drop the allegory, it is amazing how we can still relate it to our everyday lives. As Plato wrote in The Allegory of the Cave, education is a very important phase that leads us to wisdom and helps us to get accustomed to the real world with less difficulty. Apparently, this theory has proven to be correct for the past two thousand years. Until today, those of higher wisdoms are mostly people who have mastered a thorough and solid education and they certainly have become the leaders of the community who share their knowledge and enlighten many people.We can also find Platos theory on rulers of countries relevant to the world today.